要深入挖掘云冈石窟蕴含的各民族交往交流交融的历史内涵，增强中华民族共同体意识。

It is necessary to dig deep into historical significance of the interaction and integration of diverse ethnic groups embodied by the Yungang Grottoes, so as to consolidate the sense of community for the Chinese nation.

——2020年5月11日，习近平总书记在山西考察时强调

——An excerpt from President Xi Jinping's speech during his visit to Shanxi on May 11, 2020

位于山西省大同市武州山南麓、武州川北岸的云冈石窟，是佛教东传中国后第一座由皇家开凿兴造的大型石窟寺。石窟依山开凿，规模恢弘，气势雄伟，东西绵延约1公里，现存主要洞窟45个、大小造像5.9万余尊，最大者高达17米，最小者仅几厘米，是公元5世纪中国佛教石窟艺术成就的杰出代表。

The Yungang Grottoes, located at the southern foot of Wuzhou Mountain and on the northern bank of Wuzhou Stream in Datong City, Shanxi Province, represents the first ever large grotto temple built at the imperial decree after the introduction of Buddhism into China. The grottoes carved in the mountain look grand and majestic, spanning for about one kilometer from the east to the west. Today there are 45 major grottoes with over 59,000 statues of various size, the largest being 17 meters high while the smallest only a few centimeters. It is an outstanding representative of Chinese Buddhist grotto art achievements in the 5th century.

从公元398年道武帝定都平城（今大同），到公元494年孝文帝迁都洛阳，近百年的北魏平城时代，是一个前所未有的民族大交流、大融合时期。作为北方政治、宗教、文化中心，平城集中了全国各地的优秀工匠，汲取、融合各种艺术风格，开凿出规模宏大的云冈石窟。1500多年来，这部刻在石头上的无声艺术杰作，向后人展示了北魏豪迈辉煌、开放多元的雕塑艺术魅力和文化魅力。

Between the almost 100 years from the year 398 when Emperor Daowu set the capital at Pingcheng (today's Datong) to the year 494 when Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyang, the Northern Wei Dynasty enjoyed an unprecedented period of interactions and integration between diverse ethnic groups. As a political, religious and cultural center in north China, Pingcheng saw the gathering of excellent craftsmen from all over the country, absorbing and integrating various artistic styles, and creating the large-scale Yungang Grottoes. In more than 1500 years, this silent masterpiece carved in stone vividly demonstrated the artistic and cultural charm of the diversified gorgeous sculptures of the Northern Wei Dynasty.

云冈石窟以石刻闻名天下。云冈石窟按石窟形制、造像内容和样式的发展，可分为三个时期：早期为著名的昙曜五窟。昙曜五窟佛像高大，面相丰圆，高鼻深目，双肩齐挺，吸收并融合了古印度犍陀罗、秣菟罗艺术的精华，具有浑厚、纯朴的西域风格。

The Yungang grottoes roughly fell into three periods according to the grotto prototypes, statues and patterns: The early ones were the famous five Tanyao Grottoes. The five Tanyao Grottoes featured tall Buddhist statues, each with a round face, a high nose, deep-set eyes and level shoulders, incorporating the essence of the ancient Indian art of Gandhara and Mathura, boasting a vigorous and natural style typical of the Western Regions.

中期石窟开凿于孝文帝执政时期，是云冈石窟雕凿的鼎盛阶段。这一时期，北魏国力强盛，加快了佛教石窟艺术中国化的进程，产生了富丽堂皇的太和风格。它所呈现的内容繁复、雕饰精美的艺术特点大异于早期石窟，雕刻造型追求工整华丽，从洞窟形制到雕刻内容、风格均有明显的汉化特征。

The middle-period grottoes were carved during the reign of Emperor Xiaowen, when the carving of the Yungang grottoes saw its heyday. During this period, the national strength of Northern Wei accelerated the sinicization of Buddhist grotto art and gave rise to the gorgeous Taihe (literally, supreme harmony) style. They differ greatly from the early one with the complex contents and exquisite carving. The sculptures looked neat and resplendent, with the grotto prototype, statue and sculpture styles bearing notable sinicized feature.

晚期石窟约有200余座中小型洞窟。规模虽小，但人物形象清瘦俊美，比例适中，是我国北方石窟艺术的代表和“秀骨清像”的开端。

Later grottoes were mainly a total of about 200 small and medium-sized ones. Although the later one were smaller, the figures inside looked thin and handsome, rendered by a proper proportion of the body. These were representatives of the grotto art in North China and marked the the start of "thin and elongated" style in sculpture.

作为中西文化交流的产物、多元文明交融的典范，云冈石窟是展现中华文化海纳百川、兼收并蓄包容特性的艺术宝库。西域的绚烂旷达、北疆的雄浑豪放、中原的优雅细腻，不同地域和民族的文化风貌在这里融合，形成了丰富多彩的石刻艺术，凝结了历史长河中璀璨的记忆。这里既有来自西方的仿罗马柱石雕、古希腊式柱身、爱奥尼克式柱头、忍冬纹的植物纹样，也有高鼻深目、须发卷曲的胡人形象，还有西域服饰文化的痕迹，反映了当时社会各民族文化大融合的时代特点。

As a model of exchanges of diversified cultures from the east and the west, Yungang Grottoes was an artistic treasure house featuring the inclusiveness of the Chinese culture. The broadness and splendor of the Western Regions, the vigor and robustness of the Northern Regions, the elegance and delicacy of the Central Plain, cultures of different regions and ethnic groups were all integrated in this very place. There were Roman-style carving from the west, ancient Greek column, Ionic column cap, Honeysuckle Pattern, and figures of northern ethnic groups with high noses, deep-set eyes and curly hair, as well as clothes of the Western Regions. This demonstrated the features of the era of cultural integration of various different ethnic groups at that time.

走进云冈石窟鼎鼎有名的“音乐窟”——五华洞，好似翻开了一部辉煌的世界音乐史。中原传统乐舞、鲜卑族乐舞、西域乐舞、西凉乐舞及高丽乐舞荟萃一堂，争奇斗艳；琴、筝、笙、琵琶、齐鼓等数十种乐器欢奏齐鸣，宛如一曲宏大交响。北魏各民族能工巧匠以开放包容的胸怀，使不同的文化艺术实现了前所未有的融会贯通，由此形成了石窟艺术的 “云冈模式”，对敦煌石窟和龙门石窟产生了深远的影响。

The famous Music Grotto -Wuhua Grotto- would make you feel as if facing the brilliant music history of the world. The traditional music and dance of the Central Plain, and music and dance of the Xianbei ethnic group, of the Western Regions, of Xiliang and of the Korea gathered and showed their distinctive charm. Dozens of music instruments, such as the qin, zither, sheng, pipa, navel drum, panpipe, transverse flute, bili, konghou, Dharmasankha, waist drum and Yizui flute are there to jointly stage a grand symphony. With an open and inclusive mind, the skillful craftsmen of different ethnic groups in the Northern Wei Dynasty integrated different cultures and arts in an unprecedented way, which gave rise to the Yungang Mode of grotto art and exerted profound impact on Dunhuang Grottoes and Longmen Grottoes.

千年云冈，无声记录了北魏时期各民族交往交流交融、各民族文化交相辉映的历史，成为一部刻在石头上的北魏史。新时代，云冈石窟这一古老文化遗产在党和国家的重视下，重新绽放出灿烂的时代光芒。

The Yungang Grottos existed for more than a millennium presents a stone-carved history of the Northern Wei Dynasty, recording the communication and interactions between various ethnic groups and mutual influence among their cultures. In the new era, the Yungang Grottoes, an ancient cultural heritage, radiates renewed splendor with the support of the Party and the government.

2020年5月，习近平总书记来到大同云冈石窟考察历史文化遗产保护工作。他强调，云冈石窟是世界文化遗产，保护好云冈石窟，不仅具有中国意义，而且具有世界意义。历史文化遗产是不可再生、不可替代的宝贵资源，要始终把保护放在第一位。要深入挖掘云冈石窟蕴含的各民族交往交流交融的历史内涵，增强中华民族共同体意识。习近平总书记的指示，为云冈石窟的保护、发展指明了方向。

In May 2020, President Xi Jinping visited the Yungang Grottoes in Datong to inspect the protection of the historical and cultural heritage. He stressed that the Yungang Grottoes is a world cultural heritage, and the protection of the Yungang Grottoes is significant not only to China, but also to the rest of the world. Historical and cultural heritage is a precious resource that cannot be regenerated or replaced, so we should always make protection a priority. It is necessary to dig deep into historical significance of the interaction and integration of diverse ethnic groups embodied by the Yungang Grottoes so as to consolidate the sense of community for the Chinese nation. The instructions of President Xi Jinping pointed out the direction for the protection and development of Yungang Grottoes.

1500多年前，来自全国各地的能工巧匠共同创造了云冈石窟这一人类石雕艺术史的奇迹，成为中华文明无与伦比包容性和吸纳力的历史见证；今天，来自全国各民族的专家学者和艺术家，将共同深入挖掘云冈石窟所蕴含的各民族交往交流交融的历史内涵，让这座古老的石窟艺术瑰宝在新时代焕发出新的勃勃生机，为铸牢中华民族共同体意识作出更大贡献。

More than 1,500 years ago, skilful craftsmen from all over the country created the Yungang Grottoes through concerted efforts, a miracle in the history of human stone carving, which has become a historical witness of the impressive inclusiveness of the Chinese civilization. Today, experts, scholars and artists of all ethnic groups in China work together to study the historical significance of the interaction and integration of ethnic groups borne by the Yungang Grottoes so that the ancient art treasure will burst with new vitality in the new era and make even greater contributions to consolidating the sense of community for the Chinese nation.